Unauthorized Outside Channels In Abundance †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Unauthorized Outside Channels In Abundance? Answer: Introducation Unwanted pregnancies are one of the rising public health concerns in the current age and with the advancements in the health care industry progressing a little every day, there are a lot of choices in the market for the mothers who do want to pursue with the pregnancy, and medical abortion is one such choice for the unwilling mothers. Medical abortion can be described as the phenomenon of using medical drugs or pills to terminate a pregnancy in the early stage (Trussell et al., 2014). It is also known as non surgical abortion or medication abortion as abortifacient drugs are used to terminate a pregnancy, early and easy. The concept of early medical abortion was introduced in the 1970s when the prostaglandin analogue drugs were introduced, and the very first abortifacient drug introduced in the market had been mifepristone, followed by misoprostol in the 1980s (Sanhueza Smith et al., 2014). According to a report by the World health organization, the safe abortion policy describes the main purpose behind the medical abortion being used in the health care is to provide the women the access to a safe and home- based option who do not have access to surgical interventions. However, the exploitation of the medical abortion pills has raised a concern for the entire health care industry (Baird 2015). Taking the Australian context under consideration, the abortion pills like mifepristone is a widely used medical abortion pill, utilized abundantly in both the clinical settings and in home based care scenario. The more abortion techniques like the surgical dilation and curettage are considered to be potentially risky for the health and safety of the women who undergo it, medical abortion pills on the other hand had been a lesser evil, as it providers a much safer abortion experience to the women. However, taking the Australian context into consideration, the restrictive obstructions by the Federal Goods Administration legislation have been restricting the availability of the medical abortion until 2006 (Baird 2015). And the medical abortion drugs have been allowed commercial import only in 2012 in Australia, and mifepristone had become a government subsidized medication only in the year of 2013. Elaborating more on the development of the concept of medical abortion in Australia, the initiation of the use of mifepristone occurred in the late 1990s around in The New South Wales and Victoria, and the medication was tested as both emergency contraceptive and abortifacient in the early phase. H owever, the availability of the medical abortion was obstructed in the 1996, by the conservative government of PM John Howard, creating a new legislation mandating special condition or the use of mifepristone, effectively banning the use of the drug commercially (Costa et al., 2015). The movements of the Abortions Providers Federation of Australia had been a slow but steady work in progress in facilitating the entry of the medication as any other normal drug in Australia. The cumulative work of both the federation and female federal parliamentarians was successful in the lifting the ban on mifepristone around 2006, however the import allowance for the medication took a few years to be materialized; although time gap served to facilitate the time consuming process of physicians becoming authorized prescribers of the drug (Doran and Nancarrow 2015). Within the 2012, 200 doctors practising in Australia become authorized prescribers of abortifacient pills, and the process of ensuring av ailability of abortifacient drugs in Australia was escalated a few more steps. In August, 2012, a subsidiary company in the name of Marie stopes was established which could extract the authorized registration for the two abortifacient pills from the Therapeutic Goods Administration, for mifepristone Linepharma and misoprostol GyMiso. Since the entry of the medical abortion pills in the year 2012, it has been abundantly used in the market and the alarming use of this drug in the present day scenario is one of the emerging public health priorities (Grossman and Goldstone 2015). Even during the prolonged wait period for the authorized access for the drug, the perception of the Australian women about the abortifacient drugs have been growing, and the restrictions for the drug in Australia only fed the raging demand for the pills in the women. As soon as medication was available in the Australian market in the 2013, the outrage for early medical abortion began in Australia (Newton et al., 2016). Even before the drug was legitimately available in the Australian markets, women in Australia were reported to obtain it from outside channels. Many of the underage women had also been reported being arrested in the Australian market due to unauthorized usage of abortion pills in Australia. After it was made available in Australian market legitimately, mifepristone was the most exploited drug accessed through unauthorized outside channels in abundance (ORourke, Belton and Mulligan 2016). With the demand for early medical abortion extremely high in the Australian women, the drug soon became enlisted under the pharmaceutical benefits scheme. However, with the extreme demand and availability, there have been a number of serious adverse effects of this development of early medical abortion in Australia. First and foremost, there have been serious concerns regarding the cost effectiveness of the medication abortion, while some regions reported it to be cheaper than the surgical alternative, where as in some regions it was reported to cost more than the surgical alternative altogether (Baird 2015). Along with that post abortive care for the poorer women with limited access to better health care and lifestyle standards suffered the consequences of unwarranted use of abortion pills by the means of over the counter unauthorized purchase. The complete absence of coordinated action by public health departments in Australia can one of the most vital contributing factors behind the chaos in context of medical abortion pills and its availability (Oppegaard et al., 2017). On a concluding note, the legitimate introduction of medical abortion pills in the Australian market has undoubtedly been a blessing for the women to successfully and safely undergo abortion without having to resort to surgical interventions. However, the need for regulatory precaution and post operative management is crucial, which in case of unauthorized outside channel access of the medication will not provide. The extreme cost for authorized usage of these pills can be the reason propelling the Australian women belonging to low economic standards to resort to over the counter usage. Hence, there is need for interference from the public health authorities so that the pain staking process of medical development or medication abortion does not eventually lead to adverse consequences for the women. References: Baird, B., 2015. Medical abortion in Australia: a short history. Reproductive health matters, 23(46), pp.169-176. Costa, C., Douglas, H., Hamblin, J., Ramsay, P. and Shircore, M., 2015. Abortion law across Australiaa review of nine jurisdictions. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 55(2), pp.105-111. Doran, F. and Nancarrow, S., 2015. Barriers and facilitators of access to first-trimester abortion services for women in the developed world: a systematic review. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care, 41(3), pp.170-180. Grossman, D. and Goldstone, P., 2015. Mifepristone by prescription: a dream in the United States but reality in Australia. Contraception, 92(3), pp.186-189. Newton, D., Bayly, C., McNamee, K., Hardiman, A., Bismark, M., Webster, A. and Keogh, L., 2016. How do women seeking abortion choose between surgical and medical abortion? Perspectives from abortion service providers. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 56(5), pp.523-529. ORourke, A., Belton, S. and Mulligan, E., 2016. Medical abortion in Australia: What are the legal and clinical risks? Is medical abortion over-regulated?. Journal of Law and Medicine, 221. Oppegaard, K.S., Sparrow, M., Hyland, P., Garca, F., Villarreal, C., Fandes, A., Miranda, L. and Berer, M., 2017. What if medical abortion becomes the main or only method of first trimester abortion? A roundtable of views. Contraception. Sanhueza Smith, P., Pea, M., Dzuba, I.G., Martinez, M.L.G., Peraza, A.G.A., Bousiguez, M., Shochet, T. and Winikoff, B., 2014. Safety, efficacy and acceptability of outpatient mifepristone-misoprostol medical abortion through 70 days since last menstrual period in public sector facilities in Mexico City. Reproductive health matters, 22(sup44), pp.75-82. Trussell, J., Nucatola, D., Fjerstad, M. and Lichtenberg, E.S., 2014. Reduction in infection-related mortality since modifications in the regimen of medical abortion. Contraception, 89(3), pp.193-196.

Nursing Case Study- How to improve the monitoring of fluid balance

Question: Describe about the Nursing Case Study (Improving the Monitoring of Fluid Balance in Clinical Settings)? Answer: Introduction: Water is the most important part of life and maintenance of proper water balance is of utmost important in order to lead a healthy life. Imbalance in water leads to a number of health consequences. Again, in case of the critically ill patients and post-operative patients, maintaining fluid balance is very important in order to improve their health condition. One of the main roles of the nurses assigned in the ICU department of a health care organization is to monitor the fluid balance of the patients. Adverse health condition may arise if there is a fluctuation of 5-10% in the fluid balance of a patient (Glade, 2010). Various procedures are followed to monitor the fluid balance of the critically ill patients all over the world. According to a study carried out by Bontant et al. (2014), in a critical care unit, the frequency of incorrect calculation of the balance of fluid in patients is 70%. The study also showed that the nurses who work in the critical care units do not perform the monitoring of the fluid balance accurately or correctly. So, in this assignment we are going to discuss the monitoring of the fluid balance of the patients who are admitted to the ICU department of a hospital and also look for the ways by which, the monitoring techniques can be improved in order to decrease the inaccuracy that occurs while monitoring the fluid balance. Are You Daunted by the Thought of due Case Study ? Avail Our Services and Receive Case study Help from experts. Discussion: As defined by Elliot et al. (2007), the ICU is that department of the hospital in which patients suffering from life threatening diseases or illness are treated. According to the World Federation of Critical Care Nurses or WFCCN, a nurse who works in the ICU and offers services to the critically ill patients should have proper understanding of the situation of the patients, should be capable of making necessary decisions for the patients and should be able to provide advanced and quality care in order to restore the health of the patient (WFCCN, 2007). The term fluid balance is used to state the input and output balance of fluid in the body that is essential for the proper functioning of the metabolic processes of the body (Welch, 2010). In case of women, around 52% of the body weight is fluid and in case of men the percentage of body fluid is 60% of the weight and the body fluid consist mainly of water and electrolytes (Louden, 2015). In case of healthy people, the maintenance of the balance of fluid is a dynamic process that is controlled by the body with the coordination of the renal and the hormonal system (Scales and Pilsworth, 2008). An increase in the fluid in human body leads to overloading of fluid which in turn may cause pulmonary oedema. On the other hand, a decrease in the fluid volume in the body can lead to dehydration related complications including hypotension. A fluid volume deficit is termed as negative fluid balance, whereas excess fluid in the body is termed as positive fluid balance (Scales and Pilsworth, 2008) . According to Pikwer et al. (2012), the fluid balance of a patient is the indicator of the clinical status of the patient. In case of critically ill patients admitted to the ICU department, the normal fluid balance is disrupted. So, restoring the fluid balance is the major concern for the nurses caring for the patient. In these kinds of patients, optimal tissue perfusion requires proper fluid balance and a disruption in the tissue perfusion may result in the failure of multiple organs causing the death of the patients (Khwannimit, 2008). Any inaccuracy in the fluid balance measurement may result in inaccurate data regarding the fluid status of the patient which in turn lead to improper treatment of the patient (Koonrangsesomboon and Khwannimit, 2014). In the body, the maintenance of fluid balance is the function of hormones and renal system (Scales and Pilsworth, 2008). The three hormones that are associated with the function include ADH or anti- diuretic hormone, the other name of which is the vasopressin and is secreted from the pituitary gland; ANP or the atrial natriuretic peptide and aldosterone, secreted from the adrenal gland present in the kidney (Payen et al., 2008). The ADH is associated with the re-absorption of fluid from the kidney and returns it to the blood stream. This hormone is also associated with the decrease in the volume of urine and increase in the concentration of urine (Thornton, 2010). The ANP hormone causes the kidney to eliminate of the sodium and water. Aldosteron on the other hand is associated with the re- absorption of sodium in exchange of potassium ion (Queisser, 2010). The renal system maintains the electrolyte balance through filtration, secretion and re-absorption (Lumbers, Boyce and Gibson, 20 07). There are various studies that are focused on the importance of monitoring of fluid balance in critically ill patients. According to Vincent et al. (2006), the monitoring of fluid balance influences the recovery of a patient in the ICU. The basis of monitoring the fluid balance is the assessing, recording and calculating the input and output of fluid of a patient (Garrett, 2003). As per the study carried out by Chapelhow and Crouch (2007), fluid balance chart is very important to monitor the fluid balance of the patients. These charts include the recording of all measurable excreted as well as ingested fluids. According to the chart, the intake of fluid includes orally taken fluid, orally taken medications, application of intravenous fluid and any other types of fluid that are administered through any tube. On the other hand, the output fluid includes drainage, urine, vomit, secretion through nasogastric tube and measurable stools, collected in colostomy bag. According to Lobo, Macafee and Allison (2006), recognizing the excretion of fluid via respiration, perspiration, bowel activity and fever etc. is important while determining the fluid output. These types of outputs account for up to 600- 900 ml of fluid per day and these are not included in the fluid chart. Again, as per Godin, Bouchard and Mehta (2013), sometimes it is difficult to accurately measure the fluid balance in patients, such as in case of diarrhea where the amount of fluid is large and immeasurable. Again, according to Silversides et al. (2013), it is important to assess the clinical condition of the patient and the blood chemistry value along with the fluid chart in order to determine the fluid status of the patient. Accuracy in the assessment and interpretation of the fluid status of the critically ill patients are very important for effective management of the health of the patient (Hindahl and Wilson, 2011). So, it is very important to carry out continuous monitoring of the fluid balance of the critically ill patients (Culleiton and Simko, 2011). According to Foley (2008), one of the earliest indications of the disruption of the fluid balance is the urine production. As per the studies by Foley, a volume of urine that is less than 0.5 ml/ kg body weight/ hour should be considered as the indication of fluid imbalance and the nurse should respond to the condition of the patient. According to Knowles (2008), the vital signs of the patients are the important indicators of the fluid status of the patients. The vital signs include pulse rate, blood pressure, and rhythm of the heart, central venous pressure, breathing rate and body weight (Weissman and Landesberg, 2005). According to Dnser et al. (2013), a decrease in the blood pressure level may result in the decrease in the perfusion of the organs that may cause organ failure in the critically ill patients. Again according to Stevens (2007), tissue hypoperfusion may also results in the damage of organs. So, maintenance of proper tissue perfusion is very important to maintain the fluid balance of the patients. Another indicator that is used for checking the fluid balance in patient is the level and frequency of thirst of the patient (Garrett, 2003). Again, according to Armstrong et al. (2014), the laboratory report of blood cell count and the electrolyte count are able to provide additional information regarding the fluid status of the patient. According to Besen (2015), the overload of fluid in patients can be indicated by high blood pressure, increased weight of the body, swollen neck veins, trachycardia, shortness of breath, cyanosis, increased rate of breathing, increase in the pulmonary arterial pressure and peripheral oedema. In case of severe overload of fluid, pulmonary oedema can result, which is a critical condition that needs immediate addressing and ventilations service (Hindahl and Wilson, 2011). According to Scales and Pilsworth (2008), generally a patient who shows the sign of fluid overload, generally have a history of liver, cardiac or kidney diseases. On the other hand, the dehydration in critically ill patients is clinically indicated by low blood pressure, loss of body weight, increase in the pulse rate, thirst, arrhythmia, and decrease in urination, skin dryness, weakness and drowsiness (Simmons, 2010). It is duty of the nurse to monitor the fluid balance of the patients accurately. As per the opinion of Culleiton and Simko (2011), monitoring the balance of fluid in critically ill patients is a challenging but important component of the health care sector, which is described by the authors as the critical care shuffle, as the critical medical condition of the patient often complicate the status of fluid in those patients. According to the authors the nurses in charge of the critical care unit should be able to recognize as well as react quickly to the fluid balance disturbance. A study carried out by Carlsen and Perner (2011), also showed the importance of proper fluid monitoring by the nurses or proper treatment of the patients. Arguments: There are various studies that have discussed the role and the accuracy of the nurses to monitor the fluid balance of the patients. There are practice guide lines regarding the education and training of the critical care nurses, proposed by the World Federation of Critical Care Nurses. According to Williams, Schmollgruber and Alberto (2006), only registered and trained nurses should be provided with the duty of care for the critically ill persons. A study carried out by Chari et al. (2011), showed that the main reason behind the inaccuracy in the monitoring of fluid balance is the unavailability of qualified nurses. Again, Whiteley et al. (2009), emphasized on the fact that though several technologies are used for monitoring the fluid imbalance in patients such as alarms and other security features, it is still necessary that the critical care nurses are actively involved in the monitoring of fluid balance in order to provide quality services to the patients. In a study carried out by Markmann (2011) on 147 patients who were under intensive care, the authors were concerned regarding the incorrect calculation of fluid balance and found that in about 33% of the cases, there was inaccuracy in the calculation of fluid balance of critically ill patients. The authors also suggested that more accurate measures should be developed in order to monitor the fluid balance properly. again the same result was shown by Kashiouris et al. (2013), who found that the cumulative fluid balance calculated by the registered nurses were not accurate. Recommendations: There are various recommendations provided by various researchers to improve the accuracy of the monitoring of the fluid balance in the critically ill patients. In order to improve the monitoring of fluid balance, Rassam and Counsell (2005) suggested that there is a requirement of information notes that will be present on the bedside of the patients, nursing training that is focused on the fluid balance monitoring in order to increase the accuracy and there should be a balance sheet that is user friendly. The authors also suggested that, the signature of the nurse who has recorded the fluid balance data should be there in the balance sheet. According to Scales and Pilsworth (2008), as the nurses are the main persons associated with the monitoring of the fluid balance of the critically ill patients, improvement of knowledge in the nurses regarding the monitoring of fluid is very important. Again, Soutter-Green (2013) suggested that the recording charts should be simple in order to decrease the workload of the nurses and increase the accuracy of recording the data. They showed that increase in documentation in turn increases the workload on the nurses which in turn decreases the time for calculation leading to decreased accuracy in the calculation of fluid balance. Their study also showed that if there is regular auditing regarding the practice of monitoring of fluid balance, then the efficiency of the nurses increases considerably. Bennett (2015) suggested that the fluid balance chart should be designed for individual patients in the ICU separately and reviewing of the chart should be done on a regular basis in order to use the chart accurately and efficiently. According to Dewitte et al., (2015), measuring the total body water (TBW) can provide accurate data regarding the fluid balance of the critically ill patients. They suggested the use of bioimpedance techniques for measuring the TBW of the patients. They carried out their studies on 25 patients who were under mechanical ventilation. Their study showed that as a non-invasive way to measure the fluid balance of the critically ill patients, use of bioimpedance technique is reliable and provide accurate calculations, but for using the technique, the body weight of the patients should be known. There are various automated devices available in the market for the accurate calculation of fluid balance. One of such devices is the digistat, offered by United Medical. The company assures that the uses of the device for measuring the fluid balance will significantly decreases the human errors and increase the patient outcome. This device is developed to overcome the shortcomings of the fluid balance chart. Another such device is the volumetric pump. This device is used for measuring the fluid input in an hourly basis and is also attached with a warning device (Lopot, 2011). Another device that is used by the nurses in order to measure the volume of output fluid includes an urimeter. This device is used for measuring the urine volume and remains attatched with the indwelling urinary catheter (Lee et al., 2011). According to Scales and Pilsworth (2008), blood chemistry analysis is good method to determine the fluid status of the patients. Again Wolfson and Harwood-Nuss (2005) stated that in the blood chemistry analysis, the measure of blood electrolytes such as blood urea nitrogen, potassium, sodium, bicarbonate and chloride etc. provides a clear view of the fluid status of a person. According to the author, if there any change in these electrolytes compared to the normal level, then it is the indication of the change of fluid status of the patient and the data should be used in order to prescribe any intravenous fluid administration in order to restore the balance of fluid in critically ill patients. On the other hand, Vivanti, Harvey and Ash (2010) suggested that the blood chemistry analysis does not provide accurate information in case of minor dehydration in case of older people. So, the authors suggested that analysis of the physical signs will be a more effective measure in order to detect fluid imbalance. Changes nursing management and implementing them in nursing practice: With the advent of various methods for accurate detection of fluid balance of a patient, the nursing duty and responsibility for measuring the balance has changed over time. The implementation of newer methods has reduced the responsibilities to a great extent. Still, the nurses play a major role. According to the NHS, the roles and responsibilities of a nurse include- On admission, the patients are examined for their fluid balance, which includes measuring the weight, checking the vital signs, checking the thirst level etc. The baseline electrolytes and urea are also measured. The nurse should then assess the urine passed by the patient for the first time. The urine is tested using urimeter and also the color and smell of the urine are also checked. The nurse should document the results in details. The nurses should properly fulfil the fluid balance chart. The nurses should be well aware of the instruments and the procedures that are used for measuring the fluid balance. The laboratory results also play a very important role in detecting the fluid balance in recent times. Theory about fluid balance: The body fluid balance theory was proposed by the ancient Greeks. According to the theory, in order to obtain a good health, one should maintain the balance of humor. The ways to balance humor was the removal of excessive body fluids by means of sweating, bleeding, purging and with the help of specific foods and medications (Britton, 2002). This theory was called humorism. The four humors are blood, black bile, yellow bile and phlegm. As per the theory, the deficiency of each humor leads to the disturbance of health and temperament of a person. The humor is also called cambium. Developing own idea: As a nurse in the ICU department, I feel that the patients in the ICU departments demand specialized care and services. Their conditions are critical and need proper and careful attention and monitoring (Lopot, 2011). According to the NHS guidelines, the fluid management of the patients should be done frequently and by the registered nurses. The guidelines also state that it is the responsibility of the nurses to monitor and calculate the fluid balance of the patients accurately and properly. Monitoring of fluid balance is one of the major duties of the nurses working in the ICU department of a health care organization. In our ICU departments, the nurses have to maintain the fluid chart of each and every patient. Again there are emergency alarm and warning devices in order to detect any fluid disturbance of any patient. While working in the department I have felt that the fluid chart that we have to maintain for the patients should be simplified in order to ease the process of record and increase the accuracy (Soutter-Green, 2013). To my opinion, use of advanced devices is very helpful as they automated the monitoring procedure, but still the nurses should be aware of the fluid condition of the patients (Scales and Pilsworth, 2008). Through the discussion, arguments, and recommendations and also from my experience, I feel that, the nurses in the ICU department need specialized training and education regarding the proper and accurate ways of monitoring and calculating the fluid balance of the patients (Rassam and Counsell, 2005). According to the NHS guidelines, the fluid management of the patients should be done frequently and by the registered nurses. The guidelines also state that it is the responsibility of the nurses to monitor and calculate the fluid balance of the patients accurately and properly. Conclusion: Maintenance of fluid balance is of utmost important for maintain the homeostasis of the patients and avoiding any negative health consequences. In case of the ICU patients, it is much more crucial, as both over-hydration and dehydration are dangerous for the health of the critically ill patients. With the advancement of time, newer technologies are introduced in the health care sector for improving the monitoring and reducing the calculation of fluid balance in the patients. But increasing technology does not decrease the responsibility of the nurses in monitoring the fluid balance. The nurses play a key role in the monitoring process. So, proper training and education of the nurses are very important to increase the accuracy and decrease the rate of error in calculating the fluid balance in the patients. The nurses should be much more responsible regarding their duty to the patients. References Armstrong, L., Ganio, M., Klau, J., Johnson, E., Casa, D. and Maresh, C. (2014). Novel hydration assessment techniques employing thirst and a water intake challenge in healthy men.Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab., 39(2), pp.138-144. 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A positive fluid balance is associated with a worse outcome in patients with acute renal failure.Critical Care, 12(3), p.R74. Pikwer, A., Bergenzaun, L., Sterner, G., Krite Svanberg, E. and keson, J. (2012). Fluid balance monitoring by cuff-occluded rate of rise of peripheral venous pressure in haemodialysis patients.Anaesthesia, 67(8), pp.894-898. Queisser, N. (2010).Oxidative and nitrosative stress induced by the mineralocorticoid aldosterone. Rassam, S. and Counsell, D. (2005). Perioperative electrolyte and fluid balance.Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care Pain, 5(5), pp.157-160. Scales, K. and Pilsworth, J. (2008). The importance of fluid balance in clinical practice.Nursing Standard, 22(47), pp.50-57. Silversides, J., Kuint, R., Pinto, R., Wald, R., Hladunewich, M. and Adhikari, N. (2013). Fluid balance and renal outcomes in patients requiring renal replacement therapy in the ICU.Critical Care, 17(Suppl 2), p.P434. Simmons, S. (2010). Acute dehydration.Nursing, 40(1), p.72. Soutter-Green, J. (2013). Keeping it simple: guidance on reflection and clinical supervision for aesthetic nurses.Journal of Aesthetic Nursing, 2(3), pp.146-148. Stevens, W. (2007). Fluid balance and resuscitation.Men in Nursing, 2(6), pp.16-23. Thornton, S. (2010). Thirst and hydration: Physiology and consequences of dysfunction.Physiology Behavior, 100(1), pp.15-21. Vincent, J., Sakr, Y., Sprung, C., Ranieri, V., Reinhart, K., Gerlach, H., Moreno, R., Carlet, J., Le Gall, J. and Payen, D. (2006). Sepsis in European intensive care units: Results of the SOAP study*.Critical Care Medicine, 34(2), pp.344-353. Vivanti, A., Harvey, K. and Ash, S. (2010). Developing a quick and practical screen to improve the identification of poor hydration in geriatric and rehabilitative care.Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 50(2), pp.156-164. Weissman, C. and Landesberg, G. (2005). Vital are the vital signs*.Critical Care Medicine, 33(1), p.241. Welch, K. (2010). Fluid balance.Learning Disability Practice, 13(6), pp.33-38. Whiteley, L., Lai, K., Simpson, M., Nosib, V., Parris, J., Wood, E. and Salman, R. (2009). Fluid Balance Monitoring for Adults With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 41(6), pp.E7-E12. Whiteley, L., Lai, K., Simpson, M., Nosib, V., Parris, J., Wood, E. and Salman, R. (2009). Fluid Balance Monitoring for Adults With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 41(6), pp.E7-E12. Williams, G., Schmollgruber, S. and Alberto, L. (2006). Consensus Forum: Worldwide Guidelines on the Critical Care Nursing Workforce and Education Standards.Critical Care Clinics, 22(3), pp.393-406. Wolfson, A. and Harwood-Nuss, A. (2005).Harwood-Nuss' clinical practice of emergency medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Pregnancy assignment Essay Example

Pregnancy assignment Essay Mother 0-40 weeks 4-5 weeks This is about the time that you will miss your first period but you may not realize youre pregnant. 6-7 weeks We will write a custom essay sample on Pregnancy assignment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pregnancy assignment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pregnancy assignment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer You may feel more tiered than ever or you may vomit or not even feel any of these. A test will confirm youre pregnant. 8-9 weeks There is a rapid rise in the production of hormones from the placenta and ovary to adapt for pregnancy, so you may feel nauseous. Your wombs sufficiently large for a doctor to confirm that you are pregnant, by internal examination. 10 weeks You may start to notice that you are putting on weight and your bones; breasts in particular may be getting heavier. Buy a good support bra. 12 weeks You have now missed two periods and have no doubts that you are pregnant. You may notice increased skin pigmentation in various parts of your body, and a brown line may appear up the middle of your stomach. You may still be nauseous and vomiting. 16 weeks This is the stage of pregnancy that may test for normality is carried out and you may have another ultrasound scan. All morning sickness will normally have disappeared as you enter the stage that most women look their best. Your pregnancy may start to show although if you start to have good abdomen muscles and on the small side. Your tighter clothes will start to not fit you now. 20 weeks If this is your first pregnancy you will probably feel the baby for the first time. You may get a fluttering sensation as your pregnancy progresses, these movements become definite kicks and you will be able to tell whether the elbow/bottom or foot is doing the kicking. Tell your midwife or gp when you first feel a movement. 24 weeks Your abdomen in getting large as time is passing and you may start to develop stretch marks. A doctor may be able to hear your babys heartbeat ask to listen. The increasing size and weight of your womb will also affect your posture, and you will throw back your shoulders and stick your bottom in and relax if you take regular exercise this helps. This is the time your shoes need to be comfortable because you are gaining weight and try to spend time with your feet up. 26 weeks Your heart and lungs are now doing 50% more work than they did before you were pregnant make sure that your eating well. 28 weeks You will probably start having antenatal appointments every two weeks from now on. This is the earliest which you can begin your maternity leave, if you work consider when you might want to stop working you must give 21 days notice, make sure you are getting plenty of sleep and enough rest. 30 weeks Most babies have now turned head down in the womb and are likely to stay here. The upward pressure on your abdomen may take more time and more difficultly to breathe properly. If you have other children make arrangements now for their care even if you have a home birth, and its best prepared incase something goes wrong. 34 weeks Kicks and punches will now be very clear. If you have stopped work spend time relaxing, read a book, go for a walk, rest. Make sure you are getting plenty of sleep and eat well. 36 weeks The pressure of the head on you bladder may make you want to urinate frequently including at night so that getting a good nights sleep may be difficult. Try to catch up during the day. From now on your antenatal appointments will be every week. Pack your bag for hospital and keep important phone numbers handy. Make sure you can always contact your partner if you need him. You may feel quite strong contractions of you abdomen know as braxton hicks contractions, they occur through pregnancy. 40 Weeks Get plenty of rest catnaps during the day to make up for the lost sleep at night. If you feel up for it go for a walk or swim. If not trying to relax in a bath. Many women get an urge to spring clean, tidying. Out pops a newborn baby!!!! Pregnancy Symptoms In addition to the change in monthly cycle here are a few of the other early pregnancy symptoms that you can expect to notice. Nausea Nausea coupled with vomiting are often early signs of pregnancy and can start within a few weeks of contraception although referred to as morning sickness, it can actually be at anytime during the day. It will affect you at the same time everyday for a few weeks. You need to be drinking plenty of fluids to avoid becoming dehydrated. Spotting Sometimes a slight spotting will occur approx 8-10 days after ovulation. Its light amount of bleeding not painful or harming you. This spotting is caused by fertilized egg as it attaches itself to the endometrias lining of the uterus. Fatigue A feeling of over whelming fatigue, around 3rd to 4th week until the second trimester at which time you will experience a sudden burst of energy, caused by changes in your body. Breast tenderness Generally during the first month of conception, you will start o experience tenderness in one or both breasts. You will find even a slight touch will cause discomfort and they may swell. The veins in the breast become more visible and the nipples darken in color and become more erect. Wear a good support bra. Frequent urination More trips to the bathroom. The uterus growing and swelling as it makes room for the growing fetus. Growth puts pressure on the uterus, adds pressure to bladder. As the fetus grows you will be making more trips. Lightheadedness or fainting This occurs during the first few months as your body changes because your now nourishing another life and you will need an increased supply if you dont eat frequent, small amounts, your blood sugar levels may drop, making you dizzy or light headed. Confirmation Pregnancy test HCG- (human chlorionic gonadotrophin) in present in the urine of pregnant women and reach the highest level at 8th week can be detected 10 days to 16 weeks after contraception. Enlargement of uterus. Diet During Pregnancy Pregnant women need to eat a healthy balanced diet. A healthy diet during pregnancy: 1. Fruit and vegetables- at least 5 portions a day 2. Sugar and fat- only a very small amount 3. Dairy- low fat is best 4. Meat, fish and eggs- more protein foods should be eaten in pregnancy. 5. Carbohydrates- needed for energy Food requirement Why pregnant women need it. Where it is found Folic acid Prevents spina bifida in the body Fruit green leafy vegetables, beans, potatoes, carrots breakfast cereal, bread Vitamin c For healthy skin, heal wounds and prevent scurvy, pregnant women need more so some goes to the baby. Fresh fruit and vegetables Calcium Helps babys bones develop Dairy products and leafy vegetables Iron Bay stores enough iron for six months after birth Red meat, eggs, apricots, bread and cereal Fibre Avoids constipation Fruit, vegetables and whole meal bread Vegetarian mums Vegetarian mums need to make sure they get enough protein by having extra eggs and milk. Vegetarian mums need to take vitamin B12 supplements- this is found only in animal protein and is needed for fetal development and breast feeding. Some foods should be avoided: Unpateurised milk e.g. Pate, uncooked meat can contain bacteria. Listeria infections cause miscarriage, stillbirth and other damages to the baby. Raw eggs- food made with raw eggs e.g. mayonnaise can cause salmonella. Reheated ready meals- cause risk of food poisoning and tux plasmodia, which can cause brain damages in the body, miscarriage and stillbirth. Peanuts- can give baby a nut allergy, which is very dangerous and can kill. Tuna- Tuna causes enough mercury to damage fetus. Exercise, Posture and Rest Theres no reason for a women to stop exercising because shes pregnant. * Exercise keeps muscles toned * Exercise stops women from putting o too much weight during pregnancy. * Regular exercise helps sleep, after exercise its easier to relax. * Labor and birth are hard work. Like all hard work its much easier to do if youre fit. Exercise such as horse riding, skiing, snowboarding is not suitable for pregnant women. Exercise also helps: * Constipation * Backache * Fatigue * Varicose veins * Circulation problems * Meeting other mums to be Exercise boosts your immune system and provides the circulation and energy levels needed to help you conceive enjoy your pregnancy and prepare you body fro labor. Posture Tips * Kneel or squat to pick things up dont bend over * When getting up from lying down, roll on to your side and get up. * Sit up straight in a chair and use a cushion fro support Good posture Standing tall, spine is straight and the weight is nicely balanced. Bad posture The spine is arched and the bum is sticking out too much. Rest Pregnant women need some rest every day. Just an hour or so with feet up takes pressure off legs and back and prevents varicose veins and backache. Effects of Smoking, Drugs, Alcohol and Rubella on Fetus Smoking The thousands of chemicals in cigarette smoke (including second hand smoke) such as carbon monoxide and nicotine are toxins that move through your bloodstream and harm your developing baby. When you smoke your baby is confined in a smoke filled womb and this is reducing the flow of oxygen to your baby. The nicotine can cause your babys heart rate to increase (as well as yours) and can damage and decrease your babys supply of nutrients because of your increased blood pressure and blood vessel constriction. The baby will be born smaller than others. Theres a chance of miscarriage and stillbirth. Drugs * Drugs can also cross the placenta and get into the babys blood * Illegal drugs like ecstasy; cocaine, heroin, LSD, amphetamines, cannabis and solvents can damage the developing fetus. * Babies become addicted to illegal drugs if the mother takes them during pregnancy they are born addicted, and suffer withdrawal symptoms when theyre born. Addicted babies are smaller than usual with a high pitched, wailing cry. And its difficult to get them to sleep. * Prescription drugs can also harm the developing fetus. Alcohol * Alcohol can pass across the placenta to the fetuss blood. * It can interfere with growth of the fetus * Even worse it can severely affect development of the brain. * Damage to brain and nervous system caused by alcohol is called fetal alcohol syndrome Rubella German measles this disease is very dangerous in the first four months. If it survives the 9 months and is born it may be born deaf, blind, have a heart disease or a learning difficulty. Antenatal Care Antenatal Care appointments are your opportunity to find out all you need to know about your pregnancy, as well as a chance to monitor you and your developing babys health. Where do you have it? Hospitals where babies are born have antenatal clinics other places are: 1. With your family doctor 2. With community midwifes 3. In your own home, midwife or doctor visits you What happens? Your first antenatal appointment will probably be your booking in appointment usually about 8-12 weeks. Youll be asked a number of questions about your health your family history and any previous pregnancies. The aim is to get a good basic idea of your pregnancy so far. Routine Checks at the other appointments are: * Blood pressure * Weight * Palpation- feeling your tummy * Listening to your babys heart * Questions about your babys movements * Urine tests * Checking any swelling in your legs arms or face * Questions about how you feel How often? Not counting appointments for scans or other hospital based tests, you can expect to have appointments every four weeks after week 12 every 2 weeks from week 32 every week during the last three or four weeks. Antenatal care clinical guideline covers: * The care women can expect to receive from their midwife and doctors during their pregnancy, whether they plan to give birth at home or in hospital * The information given is expected * What they can afford from antenatal appointments * Aspects of their lifestyle that they may want to consider (such as diet exercise, alcohol, drugs intake sexual activity and smoking) * Routine screening tests fro specific conditions * Occupational risk factors in pregnancy * What will happen if pregnancy goes beyond 41 weeks * What will happen if the baby is bottom first (known as breech position) for the birth Antenatal Care The uterus is checked 1. The midwife/doctor feels the uterus to check how big the fetus is, where it is in the uterus and if its moving. 2. The uterus is measured. The distance from the pubic bone to the top of the uterus, gives a good idea of fetal far along the pregnancy is. 3. From 16 weeks onwards, the midwife/doctor listens to the fetal heartbeat with a stethoscope. Urine samples are tested 1. Keystones are compound from in the urine when the bodys dehydrated. She may need extra fluids via a drip. 2. Glucose in the urine is a sign of gestational diabetes, which usually goes away after birth. 3. Protein in the urine is a sign of bladder and kidney infections and pre-edampsia causes high blood pressure, headaches, swelling, abdominal pains and weight gain. Women with sever pre- eclipse need to be in hospital and maybe have the birth induced before its due. Untreated pre eclipse leads to eclipse fits, organ failure and death of mother and baby. Height, Weight and Blood pressure are checked 1. Measuring height and weight gives a good idea of size of the pregnant womens pelvis. 2. Most pregnant women put on about 10-12kg during the pregnancy none of thats down to the baby theres amniotic fluid, placenta umbilical cord and fat stored ready for milk production 3. Not gaining weight can mean the fetus has stopped growing or died 4. Blood pressure is checked a big increase in blood pressure is a sign of pre- eclipse. Screening and diagnostic tests check for problems Ultra sound 1. Uses high frequency sound to get a picture of the fetus. 2. The womans belly is coated with gel and a hand held scanner is moved back and forth over it 3. A grainy black and white picture of the baby appears on the monitor 4. Its easy to see if the woman is having twins, and doctors can tell sex of the baby. The size of the babys head gives a good idea of long the pregnancy is, which means you can work out the due date. Blood tests are taken 1. Anemia is a lack of iron in the blood it makes the woman feel tiered and worn out. 2. Immunity from rubella is tested sexually transmitted diseases are checked for too. 3. Blood group and Rhesus factor are checked complications can arise of the mother has rhesus negative blood, but the baby has rhesus positive. 4. Hepatitis B and care viruses that cause liver disease mother and baby can both be treated 5. Blood sugar levels are checked to see if the woman has gestational diabetes. Serum Screening (Triple Tests) 1. Measure the levels of two hormones and a protein called alpha-fetoprotein in the mothers blood between 15+18 weeks pregnant. 2. Very high levels of AFP many mean its twins, or very rarely that the baby might have spina bifida or even the woman is more than 18 weeks pregnant. 3. Low levels of AFP can mean the baby has downs syndrome or that the woman is less than 15 weeks pregnant. If there is a risk of downs syndrome mother is offered amniocentesis. Amniocentesis 1. A needle is inserted through the mothers skin, into the uterus and into the amniotic sac. Same amniotic fluid is taken and the fetal cells it contains are tested. 2. The test shows up abnormalities like downs syndrome and spina bifida its only done if the blood test shows there a risk or if the mothers older than average. Chronic Villous Sampling 1. A needle is inserted through the mothers skin and through the wall of the uterus; a sample of the placenta is removed and tested. 2. The test detects downs syndrome its done if theres a family history or inherited problems or if the mother is older than average.

Introduction to an Essay Sample

Introduction to an Essay SampleAn introduction to an essay sample should be presented in the form of a student's first attempt at writing a composition. It presents a sort of blueprint for students to follow and serves as a model for aspiring writers to emulate. It is here that students learn how to present their own writing work.Introduction to essay samples are normally available online. Some high school programs also include the introductory essay in the preparation for an exam. Nevertheless, these materials should only be used as aids in the writing process and not as standalone essays.These materials are a resource in the student's future and are very much recommended. This is because this will serve as a guide as they proceed to pursue higher education. It should also be part of the curriculum so that the student can give them an idea about what is expected from them.The introduction to an essay sample should also show the students what is expected from them. It should also giv e them an idea about what they can expect to do. It should also give them an idea of how easy it is to write a composition as well as how difficult it is to do.The introduction to an essay sample serves as a model that the students can follow and learn from. By using it as their guide, they can also learn to apply and practice what they learn. If used in tandem with the foundation courses, the introduction to an essay sample can serve as a great alternative for teachers and others who want to impart information and ideas to their students.It will also serve as a guide for the students when it comes to reviewing their essays. This will also serve as a great resource for teachers who want to review students' work and see how well their writing skills are developing. It will also serve as a resource for professors who wish to use it to gauge students' capabilities.The introduction to an essay sample can also serve as a tool that can be used by tutors to assess students' progress. This is because the student is provided with a little blueprint to follow. It also makes the student think about the fundamentals that they need to focus on before moving on to the more advanced materials.

20 College Essay Topics Key Ideas Why Education Is Important

20 College Essay Topics Key Ideas Why Education Is Important According to Nelson Mandela, Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world and promoting it is pivotal. Therefore, if you- a college student- are assigned with the task of writing on its importance, the responsibility of doing justice to your essay is one you cannot take lightly for it is our collective responsibility to let the world know its importance. To simplify your task of writing about the importance of education, this article will provide you with enough information to get you started as well as a guideline on how to go about developing your essay in a structured and coherent fashion. Here, you will find 20 topics dedicated to the subject matter you were assigned as well as a sample essay below. And here is one last professional tip, it is important that when selecting a topic, you chose a topic that resonates closely with your interests because writing on what truly interests you is quite easier than the alternative. So here are the 20 topics you can choose from when drafting your own essay assignment: Analysing Education’s Ability to Empower Young Women Population Education as a Strategy for Children’s Survival and Better Maternal Health The Impact of Education on Child Nutrition and Reducing Malnutrition How Education Can Reduce Global Poverty and Hunger Is Education the Cure for Poverty? Girls, HIV/AIDS, and Education Education in the Fight Against HIV and AIDS The Impact of Education on Personal and Economic Growth Why Educating Girls Matter to Economic Growth Tackling Youth Unemployment Through Educational Programs The Role of International Education in Peacebuilding Analysing the Contribution of Education to Eliminating Social Conflict and Extremism Importance of Education in our Lives and Societies Importance of Education for Sustainable Environmental Development The Role of Education as a Tool for Environmental Conservation The Role of Education in the Pursuit of Globalization and Internationalization The Importance of Education in National Integration Impact of Education in Rural Development Processes The Importance of Education in Integrating Muslim Youths Why Education is Important for Financial Literacy You would agree that these are some cool topics on the importance of education you can work on for your college essay. And a cursory look at the topics on this list, will show that every one of them does not need too much research to accurately draft an essay on the subject matter. To further simplify your task of drafting an essay on education, here are 10 facts which can be integrated throughout the body of your essay as well is our genre focused essay guide. Lastly, a sample essay will be provided to serve as a guideline for anyone reading this. Note that the sample essay will also take its topic from one on the list above. Sample College Essay: How Education Can Reduce Global Poverty and Hunger The large strides made by UNICEF in ensuring the provision of quality basic education for children has been lauded for all the right reasons and in the 2000 Education for All (EFA) program as well as other like-minded initiatives were also launched to support UNICEF’s push for education in both urban and rural areas. This raises a few questions: why is educating the world so important to UNICEF? And what have these initiatives achieved globally? These among other questions are what this essay intends to answer in the coming paragraphs. The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) launched by the UNICEF in 2000 and its follow up program the Sustainable Development Goals created in 2015 have been successful in increasing the economic situation of both underdeveloped and developing nations, enlightening the world on communicable diseases as well as pushing an agenda for worldwide peace. But here, emphasis will be placed on how educating the world’s populace has reduced global poverty and how aggressively pursuing the global education agenda will continue to reduce hunger internationally. The education of an entire population has been known to lead to economic growth which is viewed as a by-product of global education. Studies on the effect of education has shown that each extra year an individual spends schooling directly increases his or her ability to earn by 10% later on in life. A population’s increased ability to earn then creates a trickle-down effect as adults now posses the ability to adequately take care of their families as well as send their children to school. The overall economic growth in turn reduces the percentage of people living in poverty as more and more adults begin to have the financial capacity to cater for their immediate family. Also important is the fact that a country with 40% of its adult population having achieved some form of education, experiences continuous economic growth thereby putting it on the right track to eliminate extreme poverty in the EU by 2020 or in Africa by 2063 according to UNICEF’s initiatives. Educating the world is an admirable goal but the disparity between the number of girls educated compared to boys has been lopsided for decades in favour of boys. This disparity has prompted UNICEF to place special emphasis on educating women/girls and the corresponding results have been encouraging. Statistics show that educating the women has led to a 22% increase in crop yield in Kenya. This goes to show that applying these educative initiatives in gender-repressive communities globally, will accelerate the goal of ending poverty and world hunger more quickly. Therefore pursuing a global education agenda is an admirable goal which everyone should be involved with in their own capacity. It is encouraged that we write essays supporting educational initiatives on a global scale, discuss them on social media networks or be a part of the SDG which took effect in 2015. Here we come to the end of these guidelines on choosing a topic and developing your chosen topic in a coherent manner and hopefully, the directions provided here will serve you well when drafting your essay. References: Wikipedia. (2015). Educational Equity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_equity Kavya, V. (2015). Top 15 Reasons Why Education is Extremely Important. http://listsurge.com/top-15-reasons-education-important/ Fien, J. (2001). Education for Sustainability 50-53. Sensoy, O. (2008). Is Everyone Really Equal? 30-33. Demillo, A. (2005). Revolution in Higher Education 59-62. The UNAID Initiative. (2014). Educate Girls Fight AIDS. http://data.unaids.org/GCWA/gcwa_fs_girlseducation_sep05_en.pdf Caroline, H. (2009). The Role of Education as a Tool for Environmental Conservation and Sustainable Development. iccs.org.uk/wp-content/thesis/phd-howe,caroline09.pdf

Business of weightloss Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business of weightloss - Assignment Example There are certain principles that anchor the success of South Beach Diet as outlined in the sections below. The principle used is based on Glycaemic Index where carbohydrates are broken down into sugar after consumption and absorbed to the bloodstream resulting in high blood sugar causing the release of insulin to reduce it (Agatston, 18). In the first, phase South Beach Diet proposes a carbohydrate free diet that results in energy for the body and fat storage. Owing to the lack of carbohydrates, the body will retrieve stored fats and burn them to produce energy to ensure energy balance in the body is maintained leading to about 3.5 to 5.5 kg loss of weight. To ensure energy balance is maintained in the body, gradual introduction of low glycemic foods and high fiber carbohydrates are reintroduced in the diet in phase two raising insulin levels at a slower rate than starchy carbohydrates. These food aids in supplementing the required energy for the body despite being on a weight loss program. After achieving the desired weight through phases 1 and 2 of the South Beach Diet, maintain the lifestyle principles of phase 1 and 2 is recommended however all the foods are eaten in moderation to avoid intake of more calories than is needed in the body. The diet encourages intake of fruits and vegetables as well as fiber and whole grains to ensure healthy diet and maintenance of weight. At this stage, the diet recommends 3 servings o starch, 3 pieces o fruit, and at most 2 tablespoons of good fat to ensure that the weight remains at the desired level. Healthy living is the other aim of South Beach Diet and this is achieved through drinking 8 to 10 glasses of water a day, supplementing the body with minerals and vitamins with a recommendation of 500 mg of calcium for anyone below 50 years, and 1000 mg for women aged above 50 years. Avoiding caffeinated drinks and alcohol is the other measure of maintaining a healthy body as

Approaches to Psychology and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Approaches to Psychology and Ethics - Essay Example This is one of those areas of studies which receives much attention from scholars and researchers and is evolving rapidly. There different approaches of the psychological studies such as cognitive approach, evolutionary approach, socio-cultural approaches, humanistic approach, behavioural approach, psychoanalytic/psychodynamic approach and others (Walker et al, 2007). All the approaches of psychology can be linked with each other as these study different aspects of feelings and emotion within a social context of an individual. Social psychological research studies the psychological aspects in social settings. Social cognitive studies are amalgamation of the social psychological research and cognitive approach wherein beliefs of an individual is studied within his social world. Cognitive approach is based on beliefs of individuals whereas cognitive behavioural approaches study behaviours and beliefs together. Humanistic and narrative approaches are based on lived experience of individ uals in different settings. Psychodynamic approaches are based on feelings of individuals. All the approaches can be explained individually or with respect to each other. In the treatment of mental illness, behavioural processes and other psychological disorders, professionals can use one approach or mix of tow or three approaches for the best treatment of the client. Figure 1: Approaches of Psychology Source: Walker et al, 2007:5 Psychoanalytic Approach This approach originated through the disagreements psychologists had over the behavioural theories. One of the prominent contributors in this approach is Sigmund Freud. Freud treated various patients suffering from mental disorders by the use of conversation methods over a period of time. This is based on the assumption of â€Å"unconscious conflicts, motives, and defences† of the client which is not otherwise expressed in normal social circumstances. In the same process patient's self-knowledge also got improved. Freudâ€⠄¢s theories are based on the psychoanalytical concepts that focus on the ‘unconscious internal conflicts’ of the clients. Freud argues that the unconscious awareness of the client consists of his desires, thoughts and memories of lifetime particularly the early life experiences. There are various contributors who expanded psychoanalytical approach like Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Heinz Kohut, and others (Maitland & Hannah, 2008, p. 45). According to Maitland & Hannah (2008) this brought changes in thought and process of psychoanalytical approaches. These are also described as psychodynamic approach.   Behaviourist Approach Behaviourist approach roots back from the time of Aristotle, Locke Thorndike, Skinner and many others. This theory ignores the genetics theories and determines behaviour of an individual purely on the based on assumptions of his environment and experience. According to Maitland & Hannah (2008), â€Å"The behavioural approach focuses on measuring and recording observable behaviour in relation to the environment. Behaviourists think behaviour results from learning. Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov trained dogs to salivate in response to the sound of a tone, demon- strating stimulus-response learning.  (Maitland & Hannah, 2008, p. 45)† Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs are used in understanding human behaviour in various stages of his life. This hierarchy consists of