Marketing Segmentation Essay Example for Free

Marketing Segmentation Essay 1. Geographical segmentation: The market is divided according to geographic criteria like nation, state, religion, countries etc. Geographic data create accurate profile of specific. For eg: in rainy season sells rainy clothes (like raincoat, umbrella etc) 2. Demographic segmentation: it divide to the market into groups according to variable in age, family, gender, size of family, income of the consumers etc 3. Psychographic segmentation: It is a science which use in better understands all consumers according to their life style, personality, value and social-class. I am doing job in Bajaj Company, after this company has monopolised in almost all field either in the field of manufacturing bikes or bulb, tube light etc. Earlier, the customers were not fond of verities because there were not too many verities in the market and less competitions, but, in present time a huge competition has been taken place that for survive in the market every companies should be update with their products, otherwise rival companies will lead them. If we talk about the bike fashion we see that our youngsters like those bikes which must not be strong in pickup (60 km/h with few minutes) as well as good looking means it looks different from others, besides this, old agers want those bikes which run comfortably that they ride normally, to keep this in their mind all companies like hero Honda release many bikes like Hero stunner, CBZ, Karizma for young generations. While, for old agers they released Slender, Passion, CD dawn etc, in same pattern Yamaha release Yamaha R15 which cost is almost Rs. 15,000 in present time, but give a good look which attract the customers. So, after much research on these companies, Bajaj Company wants to release such bike series which is not only for young as well as senior can use it, so this company manufactured lots of bikes Pulsar and discover series for youngsters which not only good looking but also having that price which every customers can afford and easily buy the products and it also give good mileage than others companies bike, and from the point of view senior, whose ages is 40 years and above, they release Platina with self start facilities which is easy in riding. By all these information I want to describe that Bajaj Company segmented it products in various categories according to customers’ demand that’s why this company is going extremely good and successful in satisfied to consumers. If we talking about bulb, tube lights, this company manufactured the bulbs, CFLs, tube lights which not give perfect light but also take few electricity and go long times. Especially CFLs which cost are high but it work beyond one years and it takes less electricity and give light so much as a 40 watt tube light gives. There are many designs of CFLs has been released in the market which selling is more than bulbs and tube lights. So according to customer’s choice and willing Bajaj Company put down stylish CFLs in the market which attract consumers with its designs but also reduce the electric bill of customers and supplies good light over all houses. So like this the company segmented it electric accessories in various styles, according to customers willing and choice. Marketing Plan Marketing plan is a marketing strategy which involves marketing plans for a firm’s marketing activities. Marketing planning process is process of business planning; in marketing plan all the firm’s keep an eye on all marketing activities as well as competitors and they also come to know the view of the customers about their products like they are satisfied with their products or not, if not, know the reason of disliking and what they want improve in the products etc, because satisfaction of consumers is very important, after all whole marketing processes and successes are depend only upon customers. They are the important part of business. For e. g. if we talking about auto mobile all companies like Hero Honda, Yamaha, Bajaj etc, manufactured ordinary bikes( like Hero Honda released CD 100 later Splendour , Yamaha CX 100 and Bajaj released scooters and later Bajaj Boxer) but, there were some problems and deficiency took place in the bikes like the capacity of the engine was not good that was giving low mileage, pick up was ordinary and ordinary looks etc, after looking and analysing all problems of customers all companies manufactured those bikes which are giving good mileage, capacity of engine is very good and all are stylish as customers wanted. For e. g. :- Bajaj released discover series, pulsar series, Hero Honda released Passion, Passion plus, CBZ, Karizma etc, Yamaha released Yamaha R15 (but it is too costly), TVS manufactured Apache etc. Beside these, all companies also release scooty for college going girls. Because they knew that all ladies can’t ride the bikes that’s why to keep in mind the facilities of girls they produced scooty which is very light with self start facilities, without gears. These products became very popular among the girls, not girls even boy also taking ride of the scooty many times. Like this all companies conduct a SWOT (strengths, weakness, opportunities, threats) means they research on the behaviour, likes, dislikes, what are the deficiencies in the product, what else and what new their customers want in their products and what other companies provided to customers and do better than them.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Interlock Parity Information Technology Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Interlock Parity Information Technology Essay Detecting and correcting errors is the major problem for handling on chip errors. For this purpose error detection and correction techniques are used which are suitable for NoC. Error control codes are used to detect single or multi bit errors. Errors correcting schemes put an overhead of extra hardware on the system. Most of the coding techniques are used to correct single bit error. Due to the increase in size and complexity of very large scale integrated (VLSI) chips the problem of multi bit errors have been increased, so to over come the problem of multi bit errors, researchers have explored various multi bit error detection and correction techniques. Multi bit errors can completely corrupt the packets which need to be discarded and retransmitted. As on chip errors are more dangerous than off chip networks more over on chip resources like storage and processing are limited, therefore techniques that take care such limitations are more appropriate for NoC. Here we are going to introduce a new error detection technique. This technique has the limitation of only detection of errors. We compare this technique with few other error detection and correction techniques and deduce the results about our purposed error detection techniques. We purpose the name of new error detection technique as Interlock Parity. In the next section the complete introduction and proposed format of the Interlock Parity is given. Next we look some advantages and disadvantages of Interlock Parity technique. 5.2 Interlock Parity This is a new purposed technique to detect the bit errors on the network on chip communication. This technique is designed to work with 32 bits of data word. After 8 bits of data next bit is fixed for parity bit. Similarly after that 8 bits the next bit is again fix for parity bit and in this way 32 bits of data include 4 parity bits. We name these parity bits as P1, P2, P3 and P4. The option for choice of even parity or odd parity is open i.e any method is used to fix the parity bit, but all 4 parity bits must follow the same parity scheme either even or odd parity checking. Similarly we name the first 8 data bits as d1, second data bits as d2, third data bits as d3 and last portion of data bits as d4. So after the induction of parity bits our date packet size will increase from 32 bits to 36 bits. Keep in mind there are few additional bits are reserved for the purpose of control information discuss in detail later in this chapter. Following figure 5.1 shows the packet layout of the Interlock Parity scheme. Header d1, Data bits (8 bits) P1 d2, Data bits (8 bits) P2 d3, Data bits (8 bits) P3 d4, Data bits (8 bits) P4 Figure 5.1 Interlock Parity packet format If number of 1s in d1 is even then P1 = 0 other wise 1. Next if number of 1s in d2 is even then the value of P2 is set to zero and bit value of P3 and P4 will be set according to the number of 1s in d3 and d4. More generally we can write as even then Pi = 0. where 1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ i à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 4 If No. of 1s in di = odd then Pi = 1. where 1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ i à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 4 Data block is transferred form source to the destination according to the control information header. At the destination first of all value of Pt is checked and if the Pt value is correct then the packet is accepted for further processing, in case of detection of some error in Pt bit value, process of evaluation of Pi values started. Each Pi value is checked according to the data present in di block. If there found any mismatch among di and corresponding Pi then di is discarded and retransmission request of that particular di is generated to resend the data. This reduces the probability of frequent bit flips in the data blocks. 5.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Interlock Parity 5.3.1 Advantages of Interlock Parity Scheme Easy to calculate parities due to limited computation resources in NoC. In case of bit flip error detection only a limited portion of data needed to be retransmitted with in the packet. Easy to locate erroneous portion of data. Due to the probability of occurrence of multiple bit flip errors this technique of Interlock Parity restricts the multiple error occurrences in a byte size data. 5.3.2 Disadvantages of Interlock Parity Scheme Have to calculate 4 parity bits. Limited to detect errors if only single bit or odd number of bits flipped. Unable to detect errors if even number of bit flips occurred. This technique is not suitable for multiple errors. Errors correction is not possible at the receiver side. 5.4 Packet Format In this section we describe and closely look the format of the Interlock Parity scheme. Packet is divided into two portions. First portion is known as header and contains all the necessary information which uses to transfer packet from sender to the receiver. The second portion of the packet is known as data portion. In this section of the packet data is divided into 4 different parts along with the parity of each part. 5.4.1 Header Portion Header portion contains the following information. Source Address Destination Address Packet Number Data Portion Number Control Information Source Address field contains the information about the source and 5 bits are reserved for the source address. Destination address is the address of the destination and 5 bit are reserved for the destination address. Packet number denotes the number of the packet which is 10 bit long address. Data portion number denotes one of the four data portions in the date portion part. It can assume at the maximum 2 bits as we have maximum 4 data portions in our packet. 6 bits are reserved for control information can be used for future purpose or depend upon the routing algorithm requirements. Following figure depicts the structure of the header portion of the Interlock Parity packet format. Header Source Address Destination Address Packet Number Data Portion Number Control Information 5 bits 5 bits 10 bits 2 bits 6 bits Figure 5.2 Interlock Parity packet header format 5.4.2 Data Portion Data portion of the Interlock Parity packet format is divided into 4 parts. Each part is 9 bits long divided into 8 bits for the data and 1 bit for the parity bit corresponding to the data bits associated with the parity. In this way total size of the data portion along with parities is 36 bits. Following figure shows the structure of the data portion of the Interlock Parity packet format Data Portion d1 P1 d2 P2 d3 P3 d4 P4 8 bits 1 bit 8 bits 1 bit 8 bits 1 bit 8 bits 1 bit Figure 5.3 Interlock Parity packet data portion format. 5.5 Communication Strategy As during the communication of data packets, errors may corrupt the data so there is a need for reliable communication. Fundamentally few capabilities are required to handle the bit errors. Few of these fundamental capabilities to handle presence of bit errors are as mention below Error detection: A mechanism is needed to allow the receiver side to detect the occurrence of bit errors. There should be a mechanism which allows the receiver to detect and possibly correct bit errors. Receiver Feedback: since sender and receiver are typically executing at different nodes. The only way for the sender to know whether packet is delivered correctly to the receiver is by providing explicit feedback to the sender. For this purpose positive or negative acknowledgements are used by the receiver to sender. Retransmission: a packet received in error at the receiver will be retransmitted by the sender. Data packet is generated at the sender and sends to the receiver. At the receiver side checking of errors will take place, if packet received without any errors then it is accepted for further processing other wise packet is discarded. In case of any erroneous bits ARQ strategy will be used to correct the errors. As from the previous section our data portion of packet is divided into 4 data parts so only portion with errors in that data bits is requested to transmit again. We only use not acknowledgement (NAK) packet to communicate to sender for the retransmission of the particular erroneous portion of the data. Following figure shows the structure of the NAK packet format NAK Packet Source Address Packet Number Data Portion Number 5 bits 10 bits 2 bits Figure 5.4 NAK packet format. During the communication it does not allow reassembly or fragmentation at intermediate nodes. These operations can be performed at source and destination. As fragmentation and reassembly is a time consuming process, by removing this functionality from the intermediate nodes and placing it in the source and destination will definitely speeds up the communication. We implement interlock parity for end to end communication. Complete discussion and all the experimental results are presented in the next chapter. Chapter 6 Implementation and Experimental Results As discussed in previous chapters that network on chip provides a practicable way out to counter the incompetence of buses in the present very large scale integrated on chip interconnects. As we know in packet based communication a flipping error of bit(s) can corrupt the data packet which raise a question mark on the correctness and trustworthy of data transfer from source to destination. In the presence of stated problems it is essential to provide some vigorous protective solutions against such problems. As a solution to the above problems, network on chips have been proposed by different researchers to get rid of the ineffectiveness of on chip buses in scaling chips. Later it was discovered that network on chip also faces the same problems of transient faults as faced by VLSI chips. So chips designed with error detection and correction codes require high energy and area overheads as discussed in [65]. On network on chip we have limited resources of computation and storage; it is significant to present solutions which are low cost in term of memory and energy without compromising on reliability and performance. Here we are going to introduce a new error detection technique. This technique has the limitation of only detection of errors, while error correction takes place by retransmission of corrupt data packet. We compare our new purposed technique with few other error detection and correction techniques and deduce the results about our purposed error detection techniques. We purpose the name of new error detection technique as Interlock Parity. Complete introduction of Partial Party technique is given in chapter 5. In the next section the complete introduction about network on chip communication model, interest to use C/C++ and setup about implementation of Interlock Parity is given. We work on the different error detection methods given below, Simple Parity Cyclic Redundancy Check Checksum Mathod Repeated Bit Method along with our newly developed concept Interlock Parity method. We implement and present the implementation and comparative analysis results of Interlock Parity with above mentioned techniques. Major concern of this research is to make a comparative analysis between mentioned techniques in the following areas Encoding Techniques impact over the network throughput. Encoding Techniques impact for power consumption. Delay time comparison for packet delivery from sender to receiver i.e. latency comparison. Instead of using simulator we design our own network simulator designed in C/C++ program for the implementation purpose and get results for analysis. The purpose of personally designed simulator is to gain in depth working knowledge of different encoding techniques. 6.1 NoC Communication Model We use network on chip as 2 dimensional mesh topology with packet level communication. We use a data bus of size 128 bits which is wide enough to simultaneously transfer all bits of data present in the packet in any direction. As we discussed in chapter 5 packet consists of a header and data portion. The header contains identification information about source and destination, packet unique identifier, data portion identifier which varies from 1 to 4. Data portion of the data contains actual data along individual parity bits. Along with data packets we also use NAK packet. Sender will inform only in case of packet received with bit errors. NAK packet is also use to intimate the sender in case of packet loss. For the reasons of simplicity and well suitability for mesh based network on chips we adopt different routing strategies for the result analysis. NAK packet is assumed to have higher priority than data packet. Figure 6.1 2D Mesh [6] Data packet is generated at the sender and sends to the receiver. At the receiver side checking of errors will take place, if packet received without any errors then it is accepted for further processing other wise packet is discarded. We only use not acknowledgement (NAK) packet to communicate to sender for the retransmission of the particular erroneous packet/portion of the data. During the communication it does not allow reassembly or fragmentation at intermediate nodes. These operations can be performed at source and destination. As fragmentation and reassembly is a time consuming process, by removing this functionality from the intermediate nodes and placing it in the source and destination will definitely speeds up the communication. 6.2 Let Us C/C++ Instead of using simulator we design our own network simulator designed in C/C++ program for the implementation purpose and get results for analysis. The purpose of personally designed simulator is to gain in depth working knowledge of different encoding techniques. 6.2.1 Using C/C++ The C/C++ language is based on sequential programming, also suitable for the programming and modeling of concurrent activities. As we know most digital systems and hardware models require a notion of delays, clocks or time, such features are also present in C/C++ as a software programming language. So complex and detailed systems can be easily and comfortably designed in C/C++ language. Finally the data types present in C/C++ are helpful for implementation. To address all these problems new dedicated data types and communication mechanisms are available with C/C++. Basic language elements such as modules, processes, event, channels, and event driven simulator kernel are also present in C/C++. 6.2.2 Advantages of using C/C++ As C/C++ is firm programming language accepted all over the world, C/C++ holds all the features of a complete programming language which makes easier to write complex programs with minimum efforts. C/C++ supports all the data types supported by any language. C/C++ provides the facility of user friendly, which saves lot of money and precious time. C/C++ adds the idea of timing signals which is important to simulate synchronous hardware designs. This facility gives C/C++ an edge over other programming languages. C/C++ supports the design at higher abstraction level; this enables large systems to be modeled easily without worrying the implementation of it. C/C++ also support concurrency and can be used to simulate the concurrent behavior of the digital system. 6.3 Experimental Setup Instead of using simulator we implement Interlock Parity technique along with four other encoding techniques. For the implementation of Interlock Parity scheme, we use 2D mesh network topology. We use (4 X 4) mesh network at the initial stage of the experiment. To transfer all bits of the data simultaneously, we use 128 bits wide data bus in each direction. Figure 6.2 2D (4 x 4) Mesh [6] As we discuss the packet format in the previous chapter in detail. Our packet consists of 2 parts. One is header part and the other is data part also known as payload part. The header portion contains useful information like packet ID, source address, destination address, routing information, total nodes in the network and some control information etc. the payload or data portion holds the original data. Further in our implementation of Interlock Parity scheme, we categorize packets into two classes. Data packets Control packets As data packets hold useful data, while control packets contains information about the reliable delivery of the data packet send from some source to the destination. For the simplicity we only use negative acknowledgment (NAK) control packet. How this mechanisms work is illustrated below If data packet received with out any error at the destination, then accepted and no acknowledgement is send back to the sender. If data packet received with any error at the destination, then packet is discarded and NAK is send to the sender requesting the source node to send the packet again. This research also take care the lost packet impact on encoding technique. 6.3.1 Lost packet If some packet is lost on the way from source to destination, say packet n is lost, NAK is send to sender informing about not receiving the packet n. this packet is resend to destination after receiving NAK about packet n. 6.3.2 Lost NAK packet If some NAK packet lost, then after some time interval same NAK is send again until desired packet received. Following algorithm illustrate the communication between sender and receiver Packet Generate Send to Destination Error Yes NAK Accepted Queued No Figure 6.3 Flow diagram For better result purpose we implement our encoding techniques on the following routing strategies. X-Y routing Path Exploring(P.E) routing Gossip routing 6.4 Experimental Results 6.4.1 Clock Cycles Analysis On over own designed network simulator we first simulate a single packet and compute the computer clock cycles for the following phases of the packet. For the construction of header portion of the packet For the construction of the data portion of the packet Clock cycles required to put encoding check at the packet Clock cycles required to check data integrity at receiver side Clock cycles required for retransmission of packet for unreliable delivered packet In case of packet loss , clock cycles required to enforce the mechanisms to find out lost packet To achieve the above mention objective we send a packet on our designed network simulator. Our network simulator is equipped with reliable, unreliable and packet loss mechanisms. We randomly choose a sender and sender send a packet for randomly chosen destination node. Initially we ignore time for the network traversal and up till now our objective of this module is to gather the clock cycles for the formulation of packet, clock cycles required for enforcing encoding technique , rechecking the integrity of data and clock cycles required to handle the packet loss scenario. To get more accurate result we perform this simulation module for 10 times and average results are presented in the following table 6.1 Sr.No Algorithms Header Portion Data Portion Encoding Technique Reliable Delivery Unreliable Delivery Packet Loss 1 Simple Parity Checking 2 4 1 3 7 6 2 Cyclic Redundancy Check 4 8 10 10 20 13 3 Repeated Bit Method 2 12 2 4 10 8 4 Checksum Method 2 10 5 7 16 10 5 Interlock Parity Checking 3 6 4 6 14 9 Table 6.1 Clock cycle breakdown Clock CyclesFigure 6.4 Clock cycles breakdown The above analysis shows the comparison of clock cycles consumed by different encoding technique for different phases of packet construction and for checking and enforcing the encoding techniques. It is very clear from the above analysis that Cyclic Redundancy Check encoding technique takes longer time to impose the header and data portion part. Similarly CRC technique also takes longer clock cycles for the enforcement of encoding technique mechanisms. Similarly it is clear from the above analysis that checksum method encoding technique takes longer time to impose the header and data portion part. Similarly checksum technique also takes longer clock cycles for the enforcement of encoding technique mechanisms. Our new purposed Interlock parity check technique consume relatively less clock cycles for header and data portion. Thats means packet construction is relatively fast in out new purposed technique. In case of reliable delivery Interlock parity scheme again consume less clock cycles and has an advantage over the CRC and checksum method. While in unreliable delivery checking case Interlock parity scheme again consume less clock cycles and has an advantage over the CRC and checksum method. Lastly in packet loss handling scenario Interlock parity scheme consume 14 clock cycles which is less than from the clock cycles consumed by checksum method and CRC. The other two techniques simple parity and repeated bit method are consuming less clock cycles, but remember these clock cycles are required for the construction and enforcement of encoding techniques only. Network traversal i s not included up till this point of research. Next we present the percentage utilization of clock cycles for the sender node and for receiver node. Following table shows the result comparison for sender and receiver. Receiver Sender Sr.No Algorithms Header Portion Data Portion Encoding Technique Reliable Delivery Unreliable Delivery Packet Loss 1 Simple Parity Checking 28.57 57.14 14.29 18.75 43.75 37.50 2 Cyclic Redundancy Check 18.18 36.36 45.45 23.26 46.51 30.23 3 Repeated Bit Method 12.50 75.00 12.50 18.18 45.45 36.36 4 Checksum Method 11.76 58.82 29.41 21.21 48.48 30.30 5 Interlock Parity Checking 23.08 46.15 30.77 20.69 48.28 31.03 Table 6.2 Clock cycles breakdown for the sender and receiver side. Table 6.2 shows the clock cycles breakdown for the sender and receiver side. These results are also shown graphically in Figure 6.5. This graphical analysis consists of three compariosions Header portion comparision Data portion comparision Implementation of encoding technique During the construction of header portion our proposed technique required little larger time as compared to the other techniques. Reason is that header of our proposed technique require little extra bits to take care about different data segment with in a packet as disscussed in previous chapter. But uptill this point we can tolerate this large time for the construction of header as variance of timings for all techniques range between 10 to 30 clock cycles. As header portion contains small portion of packet so we can accept this drawback of interlock parity scheme. When we look at the data portion timing overhead comparisions, it is very clear that our proposed technique required less amout of time for the construction of data portion in the packet. As data portion consists of more bits of data then it is an advantage of our proposed tehnique for utilizing less clock cycles for the construction of data portion. Finally for the implementation and enforcement of encoding technique our proposed interlock parity checking technique requires comparatively balanced clock cycles. For this comparision we can say that our technique utilize less clcok cycles at the sender side for the administrative steps. Clock Cycles (%)Figure 6.5 Clock cycles breakdown for sender side Similarly at the receiver side we check three different scenarios. Clock cycles required to check whether packet received in reliable delivery Clock cycles required to check the unreliable delivery of the packet Clock cycles required to invoke the verification module about the loss of a packet. These statistics are depicting in the Figure 6.6 below. In this comparison it is clear that all encoding techniques required almost same amount of clock cycles for the implementation of above mention sceneries. Our proposed technique has an advantage of other compared techniques in the case of packet loss. In case of packet loss interlock parity scheme required comparatively less clock cycles to invoke the packet loss module. In case of unreliable packet delivery all mentioned techniques required same number of clock cycles. There is little variation among the encoding techniques which is neglectable. Clock Cycles (%) Figure 6.6 Clock cycles breakdown for receiver side Sr.No Algorithms Reliable Delivery Unreliable Delivery Packet Loss 1 Simple Parity Checking 0.2747 0.3846 0.3571 2 Cyclic Redundancy Check 0.8791 1.1538 0.9615 3 Repeated Bit Method 0.5495 0.7143 0.6593 4 Checksum Method 0.6593 0.9066 0.7418 5 Interlock Parity Checking 0.5220 0.7418 0.6044 Table 6.3 Encoding mechanism checking time measured in seconds Next we present the time required for different encoding techniques at sender side. As we see from the output results given in Figure.6.7 in case of reliable delivery our proposed interlock parity checking technique needs less time as compared to other encoding techniques. In case of unreliable delivery all the encoding techniques require large amount of time as compared to reliable delivery case. In this comparison interlock parity scheme has advantage over CRC and Checksum method. While repeated bit takes approximately same time as taken by interlock parity scheme. Simple parity checking technique is the only technique consume less time as compared to others. Reason is being its simple nature. In packet loss case our proposed technique less time as compared to the other techniques. So after this comparison we can say that interlock parity checking consumed less amount of time. Time Figure 6.7 Encoding Mechanism checking time measured in seconds If we look this comparison in different way, then the following Figure 6.8 gives the comparison of different encoding techniques in the context of reliable delivery, unreliable delivery and packet loss scenario. Simple parity checking encoding technique takes less amount of time as compared to other encoding techniques. In the contrast interlock parity checking technique consume less amount of time as compared to CRC, repeated bit method and checksum method. TimeFigure 6.8 Encoding Mechanism checking Time measured in seconds 6.4.2 Encoding Techniques and Routing Strategies Analysis In the all above discussion we are not considering network delays and routing strategies. To check the performance of encoding techniques we implement these techniques on different network strategies. These routing strategies include Encoding technique with XY routing strategy Encoding technique with PE strategy Encoding technique with gossip routing strategy For better results we further adopt two methods for the enforcement of encoding techniques. One is end to end (E2E) and second is node to node (N2N). In E2E strategy packet is checked only at the destination node, no checking is made at the intermediate nodes. This technique has an advantage of less traffic congestion. While in node to node strategy incoming packet is checked at each and every intermediate node. Packet is discarded as found in error. Forwarding node is intimated and retransmission takes place. This technique faces the problem of network resources and network congestion. We make different comparisons for above mentioned strategies for both E2E and N2N cases. 6.4.2.1 Encoding Techniques and XY (E2E) Routing Strategy Following table 6.4 shows the results of encoding techniques with E2E XY routing strategy. Table 6.4 gives the clock cycles required for different encoding techniques for different cases e.g. reliable delivery, unreliable delivery and packet loss. Sr.No Algorithms Simple Parity Checking Cyclic Redundancy Check Repeated Bit Method Checksum Method Interlock Parity Checking 1 Reliable Delivery 18 40 26 32 27 2 Unreliable Delivery 28 56 40 47 41 3 Packet Loss 27 49 38 41 36 Table 6.4 Encoding technique with XY (E2E) Strategy Figure 6.9(a) present these results graphically. Our proposed technique consumes less clock cycles as compared to other encoding techniques. Simple parity check is the only technique which has advantage over our proposed technique. But interlock parity check technique has advantage over all other techniques other than simple parity check techniques. Clock Cycles Figure 6.9(a) Encoding technique with XY(E2E) Strategy Figure 6.9(b) present these results graphically in other context. In case of reliable delivery our proposed technique consumes less clock cycles as compared to checksum method and CRC. While for repeated bit method case, the comparison is almost same. Simple parity check method has little advantage over interlock as well as other encoding techniques. When we come towards the analysis of unreliable delivery case, this segment takes more time as compared to the reliable delivery scenario. Our proposed technique also consume less clock cycles as compared to other encoding techniques other than simple parity check method. Packet loss case takes more time than reliable delivery but consumes less clock cycle

Enron Essay -- essays research papers

In 1984 Ken Lay became chairman and Chief Operator of Houston Natural Gas. It quickly doubled when it bought Florida Pipeline Company. The next year in 1985 Houston Natural Gas merged Internorth Incorporation. With the merger they both combined to own around 40,000 miles of pipeline and shortly after they changed their name to Enron. Around that time Washington was being lobbied by energy corporations to deregulate business and let companies set their own prices. Energy companies said this would not only lead to the end of monopolies but the extra competition would benefit companies and consumers. Over the next several years Washington began to lift controls on who could produce energy and how it was sold. With an influx of new suppliers energy prices were very unstable. With these deregulations Enron was allowed to sell natural gas on an open market such as oranges and wheat. With this new way of business Enron was able to grow into the seventh largest company in the United States with over 25,000 employees in over thirty countries. It became an innovator in gas trading and technological advances in the energy field. In 1990 Enron hired Jeffery Skilling as the company Energy’s Trading Operation Consultant. At age thirty-six Skilling was able to create the â€Å"Gas Bank†. The â€Å"Gas Bank â€Å"is when a company buys large volumes of gas from producers and resells it to industrial customers at long term contracts. This helped stabilize the gas market which was very volatile at the time. It also helped expand gas production nationwide and helped Enron grow to a major player in the energy industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As Skilling went up in rank he started to get the company involved in risky investments to make more profit. In an interview with the University of Virginia he said â€Å"We like risk because you make money by taking risk,† This was one of the many reasons which got Enron into financial debt, Skilling also persuaded regulators to allow Enron to use â€Å"market-to-market† accounting. A technique used by brokerage companies for securities trading. It allowed Enron to count long-term contracts as immediate profit although most of the money wouldn’t be coming in for several years. For example if a pipeline in Europe was projected to produce $89 million of profit it would be posted, but there was one problem the pipeline hadn’t been built yet. With the high t... ...ion in profit when they only produced $880 million. They were in true debt for more than $628 million by the end 2000. More than $630 million came from improper accounting and another $296 million in profit came from hidden tax cutting transactions. This sent the stock plummeting from $70 to 60 cents and produced losses of more than $60 billion on paper. With this fall in stock price, Enron filed for bankruptcy on December 2, 2001. Since the fall of Enron and other major corporations, Senate and Congress are now trying to configure a major reform bill which would protect workers and their pensions. President Bush also signed off on a new accounting-reform legislature which creates an oversight board that would investigate and punish accounting violations. Now the last step by the government is putting everyone involved behind bars. Skilling is set to testify before a house committee and has chosen not to invoke the Fifth Amendment as many of the other board members have chosen to do. Fastow has to also testify before congress but will plead the fifth to avoid self incrimination. Kropper, Enron’s director of global market pleaded guilty last weak to the demise of the company.

Tradition in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily and Shirley Jacksons

Tradition in William Faulkner's A Rose for Emily and Shirley Jackson's The Lottery People throughout the world do things for many different reasons. Religion, peer pressure, or tradition are some of the reasons the people do things. In the U.S. we have many traditions such as Christmas. Some people have strange or out of the ordinary traditions. The two short stories ?The Lottery? and ?A Rose for Emily? both portray tradition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In ?The Lottery?, tradition is showed in three main ways. First, Old Man Warner says, ?there has always been a lottery (Jackson 11).? The town people accept The Lottery because there has always been a lottery. The older people in the town such as Old Man Warner keep the tradition alive with their ideals. Second, The Lottery is held every year. Tradition is upheld in this way because it introduces the younger generation to the tradition. This shows that the lottery is a tradition because traditions happen over and over again. Lastly, tradition is shown with the parifanilia used in the story of ?The Lottery?. The black box used to draw names is a duplicate of the original. The black box is a symbol of what was in the years past.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In ?A Rose for Emily?, tradition is also shown in three main ways. First, Emily does not get courted by anyone. This would not seem to be a normal tradition but in the story her father did not want Emily to become involved with anyone. Emily?s father was not following tradition when doing this because normal t...

Do Gays and Lesbians Threaten the System of Male Dominance? Essay

Do Gays and Lesbians Threaten the System of Male Dominance? "In short, by not complying with their assigned gender roles, gays and lesbians threaten the system of male dominance (Calhoun 157)" A debate is raging in America about who people have a right to marry. In response to lesbians and gays asking for the right to marry, many legislators are writing laws to ban same-sex marriage in their respective states. Even President Bush supports a Constitutional amendment that would ban same-sex marriage (prez.bush.marriage/). Opponents of such legislation do not want discrimination passed into law and are protesting at every opportunity. One must understand the reasons that people want to ban same-sex marriage before he or she can effectively argue about the subject. Many advocates of same-sex marriage bans say that allowing gays and lesbians to marry would degrade the institution of marriage because marriage is only supposed to exist between a man and woman. In addition, allowing same-sex marriage would cause problems for society (Issues and Controversies on File). One theory why opponents may fight against same-sex marriages is that heterosexual marriages have long reinfo rced traditional gender roles within marriage and that allowing same-sex marriages would cause males to lose their authority to subordinate females as heterosexual couples begin to model same-sex marriage gender equality (Calhoun 157). The traditional argument against same-sex marriage states that marriage is defined as the emotional and spiritual union of a man and a woman. According to that definition, a pair of men or women cannot marry. Opponents of same-sex marriage bans, however, argue that marriage is a basic personal and social right and a social contract that is devoid of gender consideration. Cheshire Calhoun states, "the dominant goal of marriage is and should be unitive, the spiritual and personal union of the committed couple" (151). The sexual orientation or gender of the partners does not lessen the importance placed upon entering such a union and need not be used to restrict who can enter into such a union. Heterosexuals have enjoyed the right to marry throughout recorded history, though there have been restrictions placed over who could marry that have been overc... ...at sodomy is immoral or that same-sex unions are immoral, but nevertheless think the state should adopt a neutral position, refraining from criminalizing sodomy and offering legal protection for same-sex unions under domestic partnership laws" (Calhoun 168). Bibliography LOVING ET UX. v. VIRGINIA. http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/document? _m=5fc1bb0239c8912aa97d779528e9d62b& _docnum=2&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkVb&_md5=60c85af0cd3ade6c85561f31ba41bdc7 http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/02/24/elec04.prez.bush.marriage/ Calhoun, Cheshire. Feminism, the Family, and the Politics of the Closet: Lesbian and Gay Displacement. Oxford University Press: New York, 2000. Corvino, John. Why Shouldn't Tommy and Jim Have Sex? A Defense of Homosexuality. Rowman & Littlefield: New York, 1997. Issues and Controversies on File. Same-Sex Marriage. Facts on File News Services: New York, 1996. Levin, Michael E. Sexual Orientation and Human rights. Rowman & Littlefield: New York, 1999. B.A. Robinson. â€Å"CONSERVATIVE RELIGIOUS OPPOSITION TO SAME-SEX MARRIAGES†. http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_marj_c.htm. Sullivan, Andrew. Virtually Normal. Alfred A. Knopf Inc: New York, 1995.

How Society Shapes Your Decision for College

Peter Berger refers to the sociological perspective as seeing the general in the particular, meaning sociology helps one see the general patterns in particular people. Well we all know that society can affect our choices in life, whether it be the jeans you buy, the food you eat or the path you choose for your future, society always has a say in it even if it isn't welcomed. My choice to go to college wasn't much of a choice, as far back as I can remember my parents and teachers alike were constantly grooming me for exams and tests and everything I would need to get accepted into and succeed at whatever higher institution I chose. Not that this was a bad thing at all, I'm more than grateful for all of it considering without it I would not be where I am today. The point is, society embeds in your mind that the only way to be successful in todays business world is to go to college, get a degree, and then search for a desk to sit behind for the greater part of the remainder of your life. If that wasn't encouragement enough to keep my grades high and my sights set even higher, looking around at the other students at my school certainly did it for me. I told myself that I would not allow myself to slip and fall into the pattern that all the others around me had or soon would. I was bound and determined to get out of that school, out of my hometown, and away from any negative people or negative energy those people might be harboring. So the easy part was done, my choice had been made, but now the big question: What university do I choose? Being from a middle income family in Texas I knew I wasn't going to attend any Ivy League Institution, but I still wanted to go to an amazing University without bankrupting my parents of course. When I looked at my parents, along with other parents who were equally successful in their careers I noticed they had all gone to Big 12 schools. Again, keeping my parents bank accounts in mind I decided it would be the wisest decision to choose a Big 12 University that was still in Texas to avoid the $30,000 + fee for out of state tuition. Based on my major and who had accepted me so far I had it narrowed down to my top three universities; Texas A&M, University of Texas, and good ol' Texas Tech University. The deciding factor was that Texas Tech and the University of Texas were the only two schools with their own college of communication, but Texas Tech came out on top as the only University in Texas that offered advertising as its own major in its own college. It also didn't hurt that all the people I had grown to dislike from my hometown, if they were even graduating, were going on to UT or A&M, so the fact that Texas Tech was ten hours away from home was just the cherry on top.

Human Development

deuce strands of gentleman suppuration atomic number 18 hearty and emotional. 2. dickens stages of human cultivation from the grammatical case excogitate be sr. maturity date and adulthood. 3. Nature is what you argon born with, cor replying what you inherit from your pargonnts, an congressman from the case dissect is that Iain and Kirstys daughter has brown nappy hair just standardized Iain. 4. pro coarse is what you apprehend as you nurture up and go through with(predicate) with(predicate) keep an example of nurture from the case study is that Anne is grooming on caring for her invigorated grand-daughter when Kirsty returns to work. . 2 primeval features of behavioural t single and neverthe little(a)-beginning is behavioral and Consequence, Behavioural meaning if a infant compulsions virtu altogetherything and takes a tantrum, and Consequence meaning if they be giving what they want then they get out think that it is the correct personal mann er to come and on that point for do it again. 6. Three key features of the social adopting possibleness atomic number 18 Bonding tykeren connecting with citizenry, like p arnts making them n whiz safe around them and loved.Loss If any(prenominal) unitary dies or goes away, for example a loved one you miss them and come forth to finger of aroma this mind of outlet in life, like an muster out space has arrived that wasnt there forwards. 7. Two ways in which the behavioural approach keep wait on c atomic number 18 workers earn human ripening and behaviour is , it overhauls them listen how to act and respond to a kidskins behaviour and helps them run through how they should play off to something, such as praise them for vertical things just ramify them no it was reproach if they did something wrong. . From the case study you laughingstock understand wherefore Jenny does not want to move into supported accommodation not only because she is happy at po sition but she feels secure and loved at home with her mum, and now thinks that she is getting pushed away as her mum has remarried and is moving in with her new partner. Jenny will feel a hotshot of want oerdue to this and may besides feel misfortune due to only losing her dad both year ago. Staying at home could remind.. human race evolutionHSV 504 homosexual Development-Early repositing Development Dianne Wright Post University Introduction more(prenominal) than human eruditeness specialists cook examined depot going of adults later in life. During the some other(a)(prenominal) liter geezerhood, there withdraw been some studies in sisterrens cognitive in formation and primarily childishness reposition loss. Ernest G. Schachtel conducted studies on why population forget puerility memories as they contract previous(a). He exposit the physical processes that could be intricate in primeval stock loss (Crain, 2005). He was influenced by Sigmund F reuds cognitive supposition (Crain, 2005). Lev S.Vygotsky, besides, exposit childrens primaeval holding growing as a holistic process that involved society, physiological, heathenish, and economical environments. (Vygotsky, 1978) Vygotsky was influenced by Karl Marxs possibility of peoples information, tell Crain (2005). Schachtel was influenced by Sigmund Freud both theorists seemed to agree that children learn to dream up more systematically when prompted by a more lookd person, like their parents and caregivers (Broderick and Blewitt, 2010). earliest people separated from their parents when they were children can turn over fragmented memories of that prior duration.There are a serial of systems involved in remembrance loss (Lerner, Easterbrooks, and Mistry, 2003). Keywords retentivity, culture, puerility, processes, environment HSV 504 gracious Development-Early retentiveness loss Doctor Schachtel utter adults abide their precise ahead of time chil dhood memories. He says the one-time(a) children get, the more primal childhood memories they get (Crain, 2005). Crain (2005) explained that Schachtel utter early on childhood computer repositing loss was cal conduct childish blackout (p. 327). When they were infants people had unabated bewilders however as time passed and other harbour a go at its took their place, they forgot the preliminary memories (Crain, 2005).Most importantly, the foregoing visualises were scattered because they occurred before the child could say. uniform his predecessor Freud, Schachtel tell that to some extent, early hostile and sexual feelings were pent-up because they led to shame (Crain, 2005). Schachtel believed forgetting most early childhood memories was common to either experience people had during early childhood. In addition, children were socialize by caregivers and peers to change their first reply to merriment in order to line up to cultural expectations.Schachtel believ ed that the differences with adults and childrens storehouse loss were with how they experienced their lives. He utter that adults experience their lives primarily through literal associations (Crain, 2005), like seeing a becoming shade of blue and reflection what a pretty color it is. Children before one year of age experience their lives through seek and smell (Crain, 2005). As children grow up, they stimulate to align to the way adults and peers experience the world, yet to maintain the flick of known perceptions of the world (Crain, 2005). Schachtel say that infants experience life with their senses.The most important sense is taste. Babies adopt more taste buds than adults do (Crain, 2005). legion(predicate) times whatever they get to winds up in their mouths. In addition, the sense of smell is important to babies because they learn to attain their female parent by her smell, as rise up as how she tastes. The sense of set is not as important to infants as it i s for older children (Crain, 2005). Schachtel identifies these senses as be senses. Temperature is felt on the frame as hot and cold, they are at heart senses, he express. Sight and earshot are outside senses because they are other centre. fragrance and taste are intimate focused (Crain, 2005). gibe to Schachtel, when adults experience memory categories, they bemuse actually little words to severalise the tasting, aroma and feeling senses in memory (Crain, 2005). When children start to experience life by exploring new things, looking at their body controls for example, adults plough concerned and begin socializing them to respond like themselves (Crain, 2005). Freud verbalise the same closely children being disheartened from examine their body functions (Gay, 1998). However, he said that they are discouraged from that experience by their caregivers (Crain, 2005). It is considered primitive in the west to discriminate establish on smell.To say someones breathing spell smells bad in cosmos is not considered polite, so that sentiment is rarely communicate in public. Yet, body feel is the primary feather smell that would intrigue a very five-year-old child, said Schachtel (Crain, 2005). Their parents tell them that it is not beloved and the child learns to place herself from that sensational pleasure. Schachtel likewise said that with press release of time the highly sensitive sensory(a)(a) experiences are lost to the children because they are quash (Crain, 2005). Schachtel believed that adults are less sensitive to their preferably sensory perceptions due to assimilation (Crain, 2005).The senses make be as either good or bad, and adults bind extensive style labeling things they see, but not food that they taste or odors they smell (Crain, 2005). Schachtel further explains the only adults that would nonetheless have their forward perceptions inherent after parental and peer socialization would be creative individuals li ke sources and painters (Crain, 2005). When a child gets older, more things that were accepted in infancy can acquire less intense because their orientation changes toward the outside senses, sight and touch.Schachtel also said that babies enjoyed the warmth of preservative environments (Crain, 2005). Crain (2005) added that Schachtel was a pioneer in his observations near the loss of early memories. When Schachtel started writing, no one else was mindful that as people got older they lost many of their childhood memories (Crain, 2005). In the eld after Schachtel had written about(predicate)(predicate) early memory loss, there have been several(prenominal) studies that have added to his insights. Crain (2005) also say we could lose memories earlier and faster than Schachtel said we did. Lev S.Vygotsky said that children develop inside their various(prenominal) cultures and societies long before they learn to speak (Crain, 2005). He also observe a childrens ripening inv olved its society, economic status, and physiological maturation. Vygotsky (1978) upset that a childs learning processes where more than subconscious and rational childrens evolution can grow inside every environ rational aspect of their lives. Children learn from caregivers in their respective cultures how to have-to doe with within their environments, noted Broderick & Blewitt (2010).Vygotsky said that children learned how to relate in two stages first when parents memorise them to have-to doe with and then within themselves as they start to interact with their peers (Crain, 2005). Most importantly, Schachtel taught people what processes could dislodge inside the thinking of babies and very progeny children (Crain, 2005). He also believed that parents help children spew their thoughts into words by guessing what they see at particular events, but at a cost of the children losing much of their earlier memories.In this view, Schachtel hold with Vygotsky (Crain, 2005). S chachtel was a pioneer in the study of memory loss of vernal children as they grow older (Crain, 2005). According to Crain (2005), his theory has made the deepest impression on this writer who is a caseworker. As a practitioner that enters legal codes for children that have gone(a) through many kinds of abuse and neglect, one wonders how many of those children are trying to recall their earlier memories of being separated from their parents. round of these young people grew up in their sexual intercourses homes.Those adults told them about their parents and some of the bunch that caused them to be placed in shelter care. Now, they are coming to the procedure requesting to see their closed case records. umpteen of those records have photographs. There are move hearings that impression tape their proceedings for their records. nearly of Vygotskys findings were published abroad lead days after Schachtel published his human increase work (Crain, 2005). Vygotskys theory abo ut childrens cognitive development was not paid attention to because his belles-lettres were prohibited (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010).Today both theorists are analyse because Vygotsky emphasise environmental involvement in cognitive development (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010) and Schachtels theory stressed the mental processes of human development (Crain, 2005). Schachtel and Vygotskys theories agree in that both said that parents, caregivers and other environmental climatels help children in learning new activities. Vygotsky said that since children are learning new things all the time, their abilities gain as they grow older (Crain, 2005).Schachtel said most of childrens socialization comes from parents and peers to conform to their respective societys mode of behavior (Crain, 2005). Vygotskys theory of socio-cultural development resonates with many developmentalists because there has to be more to peoples development than mental processes. A whole series of systems contributes to very early memory functions as children grow up. According to Lerner, Easterbrooks, & Mistry (2003), there have been many studies on cognitive functions and memory.They explained that memory loss of young children as they become adults can be related to a confederacy of processes from neurological to sociological. In addition, there are now numerous studies discussing whizz function with social and physiological developments (Lerner et al. , 2003). Lerner et. al (2003) also explained that age, lifestyle, and education are among other determinants that have influenced the changing relationships in memory processes over a persons life duo. Since Schachtels writings more than cubic decimeter years ago on childrens memory development, there have been many studies on the same subject (Cycowicz, 2000).Human development specialists are discovering new information on memory and cognitive development. According to Wertsch (1985), Vygotskys flora are now canvass because of their holist ic approaches to human development. References Broderick, P. C. & Blewitt, P. (2010). The life span Human development for helping professionals. (3rd ed. ). Pearson Boston, MA. Cycowicz, Y. M. (2000). holding development and event-related brain potentials in children. biological Psychology, 54, (174). Crain, W. C. (2005). Theories of development Concepts and applications. 5th ed. ). Upper commove River, NJ. Pearson learner Hall. Gay, P. (1998). Freud A Life for Our Times. capital of the United Kingdom J. M. tarnish and Sons. Lerner, R. M. , Easterbrooks, M. A. , & Mistry, J. (eds. ). (2003). Handbook of Psychology. 6, 443-461. Hoboken, NJ magic Wiley & Sons, Inc. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). brainiac and society The development of high mental processes. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press. Wertsch, J. V. (1985). Vygotsky and the social formation of mind. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.Human DevelopmentHSV 504 Human Development-Early Memory Development Dianne Wright Post University Introduction Many human development specialists have examined memory loss of adults later in life. During the past fifty years, there have been many studies in childrens cognitive development and earlier childhood memory loss. Ernest G. Schachtel conducted studies on why people forget childhood memories as they grow older. He described the processes that could be involved in early memory loss (Crain, 2005). He was influenced by Sigmund Freuds cognitive theory (Crain, 2005). Lev S.Vygotsky, however, described childrens early memory development as a holistic process that involved society, physiological, cultural, and economical environments. (Vygotsky, 1978) Vygotsky was influenced by Karl Marxs theory of peoples development, noted Crain (2005). Schachtel was influenced by Sigmund Freud both theorists seemed to agree that children learn to remember more systematically when prompted by a more experienced person, like their parents and caregivers (Broderick and Blewitt, 2010 ). Young people separated from their parents when they were children can have fragmented memories of that earlier time.There are a series of systems involved in memory loss (Lerner, Easterbrooks, and Mistry, 2003). Keywords memory, socialization, childhood, processes, environment HSV 504 Human Development-Early memory loss Doctor Schachtel said adults lose their very early childhood memories. He says the older children get, the more early childhood memories they lose (Crain, 2005). Crain (2005) explained that Schachtel said early childhood memory loss was called infantile amnesia (p. 327). When they were infants people had intense experiences however as time passed and other experiences took their place, they forgot the earlier memories (Crain, 2005).Most importantly, the earlier experiences were lost because they occurred before the child could speak. Like his predecessor Freud, Schachtel said that to some extent, early hostile and sexual feelings were repressed because they led to shame (Crain, 2005). Schachtel believed forgetting most early childhood memories was common to every experience people had during early childhood. In addition, children were socialized by caregivers and peers to change their first response to pleasure in order to conform to cultural expectations.Schachtel believed that the differences with adults and childrens memory loss were with how they experienced their lives. He said that adults experience their lives primarily through verbal associations (Crain, 2005), like seeing a nice shade of blue and saying what a pretty color it is. Children before one year of age experience their lives through taste and smell (Crain, 2005). As children grow up, they start to conform to the way adults and peers experience the world, yet to maintain the characterization of familiar perceptions of the world (Crain, 2005). Schachtel said that infants experience life with their senses.The most important sense is taste. Babies have more taste buds than adul ts do (Crain, 2005). Many times whatever they touch winds up in their mouths. In addition, the sense of smell is important to babies because they learn to identify their mother by her smell, as well as how she tastes. The sense of sight is not as important to infants as it is for older children (Crain, 2005). Schachtel identifies these senses as body senses. Temperature is felt on the body as hot and cold, they are inside senses, he said. Sight and hearing are outside senses because they are other focused. Smell and taste are inside focused (Crain, 2005).According to Schachtel, when adults experience memory categories, they have very little words to describe the tasting, smelling and feeling senses in memory (Crain, 2005). When children start to experience life by exploring new things, looking at their body functions for example, adults become concerned and begin socializing them to respond like themselves (Crain, 2005). Freud said the same about children being discouraged from inve stigating their body functions (Gay, 1998). However, he said that they are discouraged from that experience by their caregivers (Crain, 2005). It is considered rude in the west to discriminate based on smell.To say someones breath smells bad in public is not considered polite, so that sentiment is rarely spoken in public. Yet, body odor is the primary smell that would intrigue a very young child, said Schachtel (Crain, 2005). Their parents tell them that it is not good and the child learns to distance herself from that sensory pleasure. Schachtel also said that with passing of time the highly sensitive sensory experiences are lost to the children because they are repressed (Crain, 2005). Schachtel believed that adults are less sensitive to their earlier sensory perceptions due to socialization (Crain, 2005).The senses become defined as either good or bad, and adults have extensive vocabulary labeling things they see, but not food that they taste or odors they smell (Crain, 2005). Sc hachtel further explains the only adults that would still have their earlier perceptions intact after parental and peer socialization would be creative individuals like writers and painters (Crain, 2005). When a child gets older, many things that were accepted in infancy can become less intense because their orientation changes toward the outside senses, sight and touch.Schachtel also said that babies enjoyed the warmth of protective environments (Crain, 2005). Crain (2005) added that Schachtel was a pioneer in his observations about the loss of early memories. When Schachtel started writing, no one else was aware that as people got older they lost many of their childhood memories (Crain, 2005). In the years after Schachtel had written about early memory loss, there have been several studies that have added to his insights. Crain (2005) also stated we could lose memories earlier and faster than Schachtel said we did. Lev S.Vygotsky said that children develop within their respective cultures and societies long before they learn to speak (Crain, 2005). He also noted a childrens development involved its society, economic status, and physiological development. Vygotsky (1978) stressed that a childs learning processes where more than subconscious and mental childrens development can grow within every environmental aspect of their lives. Children learn from caregivers in their respective cultures how to relate within their environments, noted Broderick & Blewitt (2010).Vygotsky said that children learned how to relate in two stages first when parents teach them to interrelate and then within themselves as they start to interact with their peers (Crain, 2005). Most importantly, Schachtel taught people what processes could happen inside the thinking of babies and very young children (Crain, 2005). He also believed that parents help children put their thoughts into words by recalling what they saw at particular events, but at a cost of the children losing much of their earlier memories.In this view, Schachtel agreed with Vygotsky (Crain, 2005). Schachtel was a pioneer in the study of memory loss of young children as they grow older (Crain, 2005). According to Crain (2005), his theory has made the deepest impression on this writer who is a caseworker. As a practitioner that enters legal codes for children that have gone through many kinds of abuse and neglect, one wonders how many of those children are trying to recall their earlier memories of being separated from their parents. Some of these young people grew up in their relatives homes.Those adults told them about their parents and some of the circumstances that caused them to be placed in foster care. Now, they are coming to the agency requesting to see their closed case records. Many of those records have photographs. There are court hearings that video tape their proceedings for their records. Some of Vygotskys findings were published abroad three years after Schachtel published his human de velopment work (Crain, 2005). Vygotskys theory about childrens cognitive development was not paid attention to because his writings were banned (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010).Today both theorists are studied because Vygotsky stressed environmental involvement in cognitive development (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010) and Schachtels theory stressed the mental processes of human development (Crain, 2005). Schachtel and Vygotskys theories agree in that both said that parents, caregivers and other environmental models help children in learning new activities. Vygotsky said that since children are learning new things all the time, their abilities progress as they grow older (Crain, 2005).Schachtel said most of childrens socialization comes from parents and peers to conform to their respective societys mode of behavior (Crain, 2005). Vygotskys theory of socio-cultural development resonates with many developmentalists because there has to be more to peoples development than mental processes. A whol e series of systems contributes to very early memory functions as children grow up. According to Lerner, Easterbrooks, & Mistry (2003), there have been numerous studies on cognitive functions and memory.They explained that memory loss of young children as they become adults can be related to a combination of processes from neurological to sociological. In addition, there are now numerous studies discussing brain function with social and physiological developments (Lerner et al. , 2003). Lerner et. al (2003) also explained that age, lifestyle, and education are among other determinants that have influenced the changing relationships in memory processes over a persons lifespan. Since Schachtels writings more than fifty years ago on childrens memory development, there have been many studies on the same subject (Cycowicz, 2000).Human development specialists are discovering new information on memory and cognitive development. According to Wertsch (1985), Vygotskys works are now studied b ecause of their holistic approaches to human development. References Broderick, P. C. & Blewitt, P. (2010). The life span Human development for helping professionals. (3rd ed. ). Pearson Boston, MA. Cycowicz, Y. M. (2000). Memory development and event-related brain potentials in children. Biological Psychology, 54, (174). Crain, W. C. (2005). Theories of development Concepts and applications. 5th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ. Pearson Prentice Hall. Gay, P. (1998). Freud A Life for Our Times. London J. M. Dent and Sons. Lerner, R. M. , Easterbrooks, M. A. , & Mistry, J. (eds. ). (2003). Handbook of Psychology. 6, 443-461. Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind and society The development of higher mental processes. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press. Wertsch, J. V. (1985). Vygotsky and the social formation of mind. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.